Mukhuhlwana
Mukhuhlwana, i vuvabyi lebyi tlulelanaka lebyi vangiwaka hi xitsongwatsongwana xa influenza.
Swikombiso swa mukhuhlwana
LulamisaSwikombiso swa hambanahambana,[1] kambe swi katsa: kuhisa ka miri, ku huma marhimila ma mati, ku vava ka mikolo, ku vava ka misiha, ku vava ka nhloko, ku khohlola, na ku karhala ka miri. Swikombiso leswi swi sungula endzhaku ka masiku mambirhi yo tluleriwa naswona swi nga ha va kona kufikela ku hela vhiki. Ku khohlola kona ku nga ha va kona ku ringana mavhiki mambirhi ni ku tlula. Eka vana, swikombiso swi katsa nsululwana na ku hlanta.[2][3]
Mavabyi man'wana lama nyanyisiwaka hi mukhuhlhwana
LulamisaMavabyi man'wana lama nyanyisiwaka hi mukhuhlwana ma katsa Nyumoniya, Mavabyi ya ku pfaleka ka tinhompfu, Vuvabyi bya Xifuva kumbe vuvabyi bya mbilu.[1][4]
Tinxaka ta switsongwatsongana swa mukhuhlwana
LulamisaKu na tinxaka tinharhu ta xitsongwatsongwana xa mukhuhlwana, ku nga rixaka ra A, B, na rixaka ra C.[4] Hakanyingi, xitsongwatsongwana lexi xi hangalaka na moya loko munhu a khohlola kumbe ku entshemula. Leswi swi endleka eka mpfhuka wutsongo.[5] Xitsongwatsongwana lexi xi nga tlhela xi hangalasiwa hi ku khumba swilo leswi tluleriweke ivi u khumba nomu kumbe matihlo.[1][5] Munhu a nga hangalasa xitsongwatsongwana lexi nahambi loko swikombiso swi nga si humelela. Xitsongwantsongwana lexi xi nga tiyisisiwa hi ku kambela nkolo, xikhohlola, kumbe tinhompfu. Ku na mihlahluvo yo hambanahambana ya xihatla, kambe ndlela leyi tiyisekeke ya ku hlahluva vuvabyi lebyi i ku tirhisa xikambelo xa polymerase lexi paluxaka xitsongwatsongwana lexi hi ku komba RNA ya xona.[4]
Leswi nga hungutaka ku tluleriwa hi mukhuhlwana
Lulamisa
Ku hlamba mavoko, nkarhi ni nkarhi swi hunguta ntlulelo wa xitsongwatsongwana tani hileswi xisibi xi dlayaka xitsongwatsongwana lexi.[6] Ku ambala lapi leri sivaka tinhompfu na nomu, naswona swa pfuna. Ntlhavelo wa mukhuhlwana lembe na lembe wa bumabumeriwa hi nhlangano wa ta rihanyo wa misava. Ntlhavelo lowu hakanyingi wa tirha eka tinxaka tinharhu kumbe mune ta xitsongwatsongwana xa mukhuhlwana. Hambiswiritano, a wu bumabumeriwi eka vanhu lava nga na rihanyo lerinene, naswona ku hava mpfuno eka vanhu lava nga na mavabyi man'wana yo yelana.[7]
Mukhuhlwana wa hangalaka lembe na lembe, naswona wu vangela kwalomu ka ntlhanu wa timiliyoni ta swiviko ku na kwalomu ka 250,000 ku ya eka 500,000 wa mafu.[8] En'walungwini na le Dzongeni wa misava, ku hangalaka ka mukhuhlwana ku endleka hi nguva ya xixika. Vana na vanhu lava pfumalaka rihanyo lerinene, hi vona lava talaka ku lova hikwalaho ka vuvabyi lebyi. Eka malembexidzana ya va20, ku ve na mitungu yinharhu ya mukhuhlwana: Mukhuhlwana wa Xipaniya hi 1918 (~50 wa timiliyoni ta mafu), Mukhuhlwana wa Axiya hi 1957 (Timiliyoni timbirhi ta mafu), na Mukhuhlwana wa Hong Kong hi 1968 (Miliyoni yin'we ya mafu).[9] Nhlangano wa swa Rihanyo wa matiko ya misava, wu tivise ntungu wa Mukhuhlwana wa A/H1N1 hi Khotavuxika bya 2009.[10] Mukhuhlwana wu nga tlulela swiharhi swin'wana, ku katsa na tinguluve, tihanci na tinyenyana.[11]https://www.google.com/search?q=mukhuhlwana&oq=mukhuhlwana&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIJCAEQABgNGIAEMgkIAhAAGA0YgAQyCQgDEAAYDRiABDIICAQQABgNGB4yBggFEEUYPDIGCAYQRRg8MgYIBxBFGDzSAQkxMzc2NmowajeoAgCwAgA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8[12]
Mintshaho
Lulamisa- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Key Facts about Influenza (Flu) & Flu Vaccine". cdc.gov. 9 September 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
- ↑ Duben-Engelkirk, Paul G. Engelkirk, Janet (2011). Burton's microbiology for the health sciences (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 314. ISBN 9781605476735.
- ↑ https://www.google.com/search?q=mukhuhlwana&oq=mukhuhlwana&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIJCAEQABgNGIAEMgkIAhAAGA0YgAQyCQgDEAAYDRiABDIICAQQABgNGB4yBggFEEUYPDIGCAYQRRg8MgYIBxBFGDzSAQkxMzc2NmowajeoAgCwAgA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Longo, Dan L. (2012). "187: Influenza". Harrison's principles of internal medicine. (18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780071748896.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Brankston G, Gitterman L, Hirji Z, Lemieux C, Gardam M (April 2007). "Transmission of influenza A in human beings". Lancet Infect Dis 7 (4): 257–65. PMID 17376383. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70029-4.
- ↑ Jefferson T, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, etal (2011). "Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (7): CD006207. PMID 21735402. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub4.
- ↑ Ebell, MH; Call, M; Shinholser, J (April 2013). "Effectiveness of oseltamivir in adults: a meta-analysis of published and unpublished clinical trials.". Family practice 30 (2): 125–33. PMID 22997224. doi:10.1093/fampra/cms059.
- ↑ "Influenza (Seasonal) Fact sheet N°211". who.int. March 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
- ↑ "Ten things you need to know about pandemic influenza". World Health Organization. 14 October 2005. Archived from the original on 8 October 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
- ↑ World Health Organization. World now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2009/h1n1_pandemic_phase6_20090611/en/index.html
- ↑ Palmer, S. R. (2011). Oxford textbook of zoonoses : biology, clinical practice, and public health control (2. ed.). Oxford u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 332. ISBN 9780198570028.
- ↑ https://www.google.com/search?q=mukhuhlwana&oq=mukhuhlwana&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIJCAEQABgNGIAEMgkIAhAAGA0YgAQyCQgDEAAYDRiABDIICAQQABgNGB4yBggFEEUYPDIGCAYQRRg8MgYIBxBFGDzSAQkxMzc2NmowajeoAgCwAgA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
- ↑ https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jmv.26990?casa_token=s20wf-wkx4IAAAAA:IkfC8PMQ_PhGoq8Sx7UScpdvRkzGmAXSP-taG9gsnZmWkHnU-ZCgsV6Iy0kWb-RVGQL76ZZT5K6e6Ys