Xihlawuhlawu xa rimbewu

Xihlawuhlawu xa rimbewu xi hlamuseriwa tanihi mianakanyo leyi seketeriweke nayinwani.

Titlepage from the book Malleus Maleficarum
"Hamari ya Vuloyi leyi lovisaka Vuloyi ni vugwinehi bya vona ku fana ni hi banga leri nga ni tinhla timbirhi". Tluka ra nhloko-mhaka ya nkandziyiso wa vunkombo wa Cologne wa Malleus Maleficarum, 1520, ku suka eLayiburari ya Yunivhesiti ya Sydney.
Two woman carry a sign reading "Votes for Women".
Annie Kenney na Christabel Pankhurst

Yi tlhele yi kuma leswaku hambi leswi kwalomu ka matiko hinkwawo ya OECD, ku katsa na U.S., ma simekeke milawu yo lwisana na xihlawuhlawu, milawu leyi swa tika ku yi tirhisa.[1]

Vavasati lava nghenaka ngopfu eka mintlawa ya vatirhi ya vavanuna va nga tokota mimbuyelo yo biha ya ku tirhisiwa ka swilo swo karhi: mintshikilelo ya ku tirha, ku tihambanisa ni vanhu van'wana, na ku va ni xiphemu. Swikombiso swi nga tirhisiwa ku tumbeta xihlawuhlawu xa rimbewu, ku hlayisa ku humelela ka vatirhi va xinuna entirhweni. A ku na ku hlangana exikarhi ka nhlayo ya vavasati lava tirhaka eka nhlangano/khampani na ku antswisiwa ka swiyimo swa vona swa ntirho. Ku honisa timhaka ta xihlawuhlawu swi nga nyanyisa swiphiqo swa vavasati entirhweni.

Eka World Values Survey ya 2005, vanhu lava hlamulaka va vutisiwile loko va ehleketa leswaku ntirho wa muholo wu fanele ku va wa vavanuna ntsena. Le Iceland, phesente leyi pfumeleriweke a yi ri 3.6%, kasi le Egypt a yi ri 94.9%.[2]

Ku kayivela eku thoriweni Lulamisa

Vulavisisi byi kombise hi ku phindha-phindha leswaku vamanana va le United States a va tali ku thoriwa ku fana ni vatatana lava nga ni vuswikoti lebyi ringanaka naswona loko va thoriwa, va kuma muholo wa le hansi ku tlula vavanuna lava nga ni vana. [ku tshaha loku hundzeletiweke][3][4][5][6][7]

Nkambisiso wun'wana wu kume leswaku swikombelo swa vavasati a swi rhandziwa; hambiswiritano, vuyelo bya kona byi hlangane ni ku kanakana eka valavisisi van'wana, tanihi leswi byi kanetanaka na minkambisiso yin'wana yo tala eka mhaka leyi. Joan C. Williams, profesa la dumeke wa le Yunivhesiti ya California's Hastings College of Law, u tlakuse swiphiqo hi maendlelo ya yona, a kombisa leswaku vavasati lava a va ri kona a va ri ni vuswikoti lebyi nga tolovelekangiki. Minkambisiso leyi tirhisaka swichudeni swa mathwasana leswi nga ni vuswikoti byo tala yi kume leswaku swichudeni swa xinuna swi tala ku thoriwa, swi nyika miholo yo antswa, naswona swi nyika vuleteri.

Le Yuropa, minkambisiso leyi seketeriweke eka minkambisiso ya le tindhawini ta mintirho, yi nyika vumbhoni bya leswaku a ku na swiyenge swo tika swa xihlawuhlawu lexi sekeriweke eka rimbewu ra vavasati. Hambiswiritano, ku khomiwa lo nga ringaniki ka ha pimiwa eka swiyimo swo karhi, hi xikombiso, loko lava lavaka va kona va endla xikombelo xa swikhundlha swa le henhla eBelgium, [ku tsandzeka ku tiyisisa] loko va endla xikambelo loko va ri emalembeni ya vona yo veleka eFurwa, [ku tiyisisa loku tsandzekeke] ni loko va endla swikombelo swa mintirho leyi lawuriwaka hi vavanuna eAustria.

Mintshaho Lulamisa

  1. OECD. OECD Employment Outlook—2008 Edition Summary in English. OECD, Paris, 2008, p. 3-4.
  2. Fortin, Nicole, "Gender Role Attitudes and the Labour Market Outcomes of Women Across OECD Countries", Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2005, 21, 416–438.
  3. Folbre, Nancy. The Anti-Mommy Bias. New York Times, March 26, 2009.
  4. Goodman, Ellen. A third gender in the workplace. The Boston Globe, May 11, 2007.
  5. Cahn, Naomi and June Carbone. Five myths about working mothers. The Washington Post, May 30, 2010.
  6. Young, Lauren. The Motherhood Penalty: Working Moms Face Pay Gap Vs. Childless Peers. Bloomsberg Businessweek, June 05, 2009.
  7. News.cornell.edu. Mothers face disadvantages in getting hired. August 4, 2005.