Vuhosi bya Qing
Ndyangu wa vuhosi wa Qing ( /tʃɪŋ/ Template:Respell ), ximfumo Qing Lonkulu, [lower-alpha 4] a ku ri ndyangu wa vuhosi wa China lowu a wu kongomisiwa hi Manchu naswona a ku ri ndyangu wo hetelela wa vuhosi ematin’wini ya China . Vuhosi lebyi, lebyi tivisiweke eShenyang hi 1636, byi teke vulawuri bya Beijing hi 1644, leswi tekiwaka tanihi masungulo ya vulawuri bya ndyangu wa vuhosi. [1] Template:Sfnp Vuhosi lebyi byi hete ku fikela hi 1912, loko byi hluriwile eka Nkutsulo wa Xinhai . Eka matimu ya Machayina, ndyangu wa vuhosi wa Qing wu rhangele hi ndyangu wa vuhosi wa Ming naswona wu tlhandlamiwe hi Riphabliki ra China . Ndyangu wa vuhosi wa Qing lowu nga ni tinxaka to hambana-hambana wu hlengelete ndhawu ya tiko ra Chayina ra manguva lawa . A ku ri mfumo lowukulu swinene wa vuhosi ematin’wini ya le Chayina naswona hi 1790 a ku ri mfumo wa vumune hi vukulu ematin’wini ya misava hi ku ya hi vukulu bya ndhawu. Leswi a ku ri ni vaaki vo tlula 426 wa timiliyoni hi 1907, [2] a ku ri tiko leri nga ni vaaki vo tala swinene emisaveni hi nkarhi wolowo.
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Imperial seal: 大清帝國之璽  | |
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| Largest city | Beijing |
| Tindzimi-Ximfumo | |
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| Demonym | Chinese |
| Government | Absolute monarchy[lower-alpha 3] |
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Nurhaci, murhangeri wa Yindlu ya Aisin-Gioro na vassal ya Ming dynasty, [3] Template:Sfnp u hlanganise tinxaka ta Jurchen (leyi tivekaka endzhaku tani hi Manchus) kutani a simeka Later Jin dynasty hi 1616, a tshika vuhosi bya Ming. N’wana wakwe Hong Taiji u tivisiwa tanihi Mufumi wa Qing Leyikulu hi 1636. Loko vulawuri bya Ming byi ri karhi byi hahluka, vaxandzuki va varimi va teke ntsindza wa Ming eBeijing, kambe jenerala wa Ming u pfulele vuthu ra Qing Shanhai Pass, leri hluleke vaxandzuki, ri teka ntsindza, ivi ri teka hulumendhe hi 1644 ehansi ka Mufumi wa Shunzhi ni hosi yakwe ya hosi . Ku lwisana kusuka eka mimfumo ya Ming rump xikan’we na Revolt of the Three Feudatories swi hlwerile ku hlula hiku hetiseka kufikela hi 1683. Tanihi mufumi wa Manchu, Mufumi wa Kangxi (1661–1722) u tiyisisile vulawuri, a tsakela ntirho wa mufumi wa Confucius, a seketela Vubudha (ku katsa na Buddhism ya Tibetan ), a khutaza vutivi, nhlayo ya vaaki na ku kula ka ikhonomi. Vatirhela-mfumo va le Han a va tirha ehansi ka vatirhela-mfumo va le Manchu kumbe hi ku fambisana na vona. Ku hlayisa ndhuma eka vaakelani va yona, Qing yi tirhise naku cinca maendlelo ya tributary lawa ya tirhisiweke hi ti dynasties ta khale, leswi endleke leswaku kuva na ku ya emahlweni ka vulawuri eka timhaka ta diplomatic na matiko yale matlhelo ya yona kufana na Joseon Korea na dynasty ya Lê e Vietnam, loko ya ri karhi ya ndlandlamuxa vulawuri bya yona eka Inner Asia kukatsa na Tibet, Mongolia na Xinjiang .
Nguva ya le henhla ya Qing yi fikelele nhlohlorhi ya yona hi nkarhi wa ku fuma ka Mufumi wa Qianlong (1735–1796), loyi a rhangeleke Matshalatshala ya Khume Lamakulu yo hlula, naswona hi yexe u langute tiphurojeke ta ndhavuko wa Confucius . Endzhaku ka rifu rakwe, ndyangu wa vuhosi wu langutane ni ku xandzuka endzeni ka tiko, ku kavanyeteka ka ikhonomi, vukungundzwana bya ximfumo, ku nghenelela ka matiko mambe ni ku kanakana ka vanhu lava tlakukeke va Confucius ku cinca mianakanyo ya vona. Hi ku rhula ni ku humelela, vaaki va tlakuke va ya eka 400 wa timiliyoni, kambe swibalo ni mali leyi hulumendhe yi yi kumaka swi vekiwile hi mpimo wa le hansi, hi ku hatlisa leswi endleke leswaku ku va ni xiphiqo xa timali. Endzhaku ka ku hluriwa ka China eka Tinyimpi ta Opium, mimfumo ya vukoloni ya le Vupeladyambu yi sindzise mfumo wa Qing ku sayina mintwanano leyi nga ringaniki, yi va nyika malunghelo yo xaviselana, ku va ehandle ka ndhawu na swikepe swa mintwanano ehansi ka vulawuri bya vona. Ku pfukela ka Taiping (1850–1864) na ku pfukela ka Dungan (1862–1877) evupela dyambu bya China swi endle leswaku ku fa vanhu vo tlula 20 wa timiliyoni, hikwalaho ka ndlala, mavabyi na nyimpi. Ku Vuyeteriwa ka Tongzhi hi va-1860 ku tise ku cinca lokukulu ni ku nghenisiwa ka thekinoloji ya masocha ya le matikweni mambe eka Nhlangano wo Titiyisisa . Ku hluriwa eka Nyimpi yo Sungula ya China na Japani hi 1895 swi endle leswaku ku lahlekeriwa hi vulawuri bya Korea ni ku nyikiwa Taiwan eka Japani . Ndzhundzunuko wa Masiku wa Dzana lowu a wu ri ni xikongomelo lexikulu hi 1898 wu ringanyete ku cinca ka xisekelo, kambe Hosi ya Xisati Dowager Cixi (1835–1908) u yi tlherisele endzhaku hi ku hlula mfumo .
Hi 1900 " Vaboxi " lava lwisanaka na matiko mambe va dlaye Vakreste vo tala va Machayina ni varhumiwa va matiko mambe; hi ku rihisela, mimfumo ya matiko mambe yi hlasele tiko ra Chayina ivi yi veka mali yo xupula . Hi ku hlamula, hulumendhe yi sungule ku cinca loku nga si tshamaka ku va kona eka swa timali ni ka vulawuri, ku katsa ni nhlawulo, nawu lowuntshwa wa nawu ni ku herisiwa ka fambiselo ra swikambelo . Sun Yat-sen na vapfukeri va ndzhundzunuko va kanetile hi vatirhela mfumo va ku cinca na vaseketeri va vuhosi va vumbiwa vofana na Kang Youwei na Liang Qichao mayelana na ndlela yo hundzula mfumo lowu fumiwaka hi Manchu wuva mfumo wa Han wa manguva lawa. Endzhaku ka rifu ra Mufumi wa le Guangxu na Cixi hi 1908, vaseketeri va Manchu ehubyeni va sivele ku cinca naswona va hambanise vahundzuluxi ni vanhu lava tlakukeke va kwalaho hi ku fanana. Ku pfukela ka Wuchang hi ti 10 Khotavuxika 1911 ku yise eka Nkutsulo wa Xinhai . Ku tshikiwa ka Mufumi wa Xuantong hi ti 12 February 1912 swi endle leswaku ndyangu lowu wa vuhosi wu hela. Hi 1917, yi vuyeleriwile swa xinkarhana eka xiendlakalo lexi tivekaka tani hi Manchu Restoration, kambe leswi aswi amukeriwanga hi mfumo wa Beiyang (1912–1928) wa Republic of China kumbe matiko ya misava.
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